Impact of Brand Image and Advertisement on Consumer Buying Behavior Essay Example for Free

Effect of Brand Image and Advertisement on Consumer Buying Behavior Essay Effect of Brand Image and Advertisement on Consumer Buying Behavior Effect of Brand Image and Advertisement on Consumer Buying Behavior Muhammad Ehsan Malik, Muhammad 1 2 Mudasar Ghafoor, 3Hafiz Kashif Iqbal, 4Qasim Ali, 4Hira Hunbal, 4Muhammad Noman and 4Bilal Ahmad 1Institute of Business Administration (IBA), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Dean Economics and Management Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 2School of Business, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom 3School of Business and Economics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan 4Department of Business Administration, University of the Punjab Gujranwala Campus, Pakistan Submitted: Apr 27, 2013; Accepted: Jun 3, 2013; Published: Jun 20, 2013 Abstract: Brand picture and commercial assume a significant job to help up any business execution as brand picture is an inferred device which can emphatically change people’s purchasing practices and promotion is acting as a main impetus for any business as it’s a viable source to pass on your message and remain in customer’s mind. The reason for this examination is to inspect the effect of brand picture and notice on customer purchasing conduct in the overall population at Gujranwala city. Poll review was utilized to gather the information by utilizing non likelihood advantageous examining procedure. An example of 200 polls was utilized in which 175 reactions were gathered inside the time of one month. Discoveries show that brand picture and ad have solid positive impact and critical relationship with Consumer purchasing conduct. Individuals see the brand picture with inspirational mentality. Study delineated that adolescents in Gujranwala are progressively cognizant about their economic wellbeing so they favor marked items and promotion influences their Consumer Buying Behavior emphatically. In the remainder of article restrictions of examination, suggestions and recommendations for additional exploration likewise included. Catchphrases: Brand picture Advertisement Consumer Buying Behavior INTRODUCTION can construct long haul beneficial relations with clients. Individuals in our general public are so cognizant about their any business can decidedly influence the practices of status and they want to utilize marked items to show individuals with respect to mark picture, fulfillment and faithfulness. off their superficial point of interest. Brand is considered as inferred At present time in worldwide and developing markets gadget through which any business can achieve the business war isn't just on cost yet client fascination, fascination of individuals and can appreciate the serious edge. dedication and relationship matters a great deal. Organizations are so In our neighborhood situation it additionally considered as an important resource cognizant about their customer’s fulfillment. for any business as it can change peoples’ purchasing Advertisement assumes an essential job for any business to conduct. It can assume a fundamental job to extend any business. help up its presentation chart as it is a ground-breaking system Brand picture improvement is a drawn out procedure and it to pull in your clients toward your item. In can demonstrate a solid weapon to battle with your rivals. Pakistan notice additionally turning into a main thrust for Customers depend on marked items and generally want to any business since it can compel individuals to change their purchase items with notable brand name. Advertising conduct with respect to your item in positive sense. important methodologies and instruments can build up the brand of Advertisement is a predominant and driving weapon in all any item. On the off chance that brand is overseen in viable manners, a promoting devices because of its positive effect on consumers’ business can appreciate most extreme number of clients and purchasing conduct. It’s a viable method to convey Refine nature of items and social

Regionalism Themes Essays - English-language Films,

Regionalism Themes Authenticity is the delineation of life as a great many people live and know it. Regionalism is a quality of Realism that depicts the traditions, propensities and qualities of a specific spot. Some portion of regionalism is nearby shading. Neighborhood shading is characterized as a specific case of provincial qualities. Nearby shading can be appeared in a specific vernacular, dress, and occupations. In Realism life is delineated as a great many people live and know it. Neighborhood shading helps the valid appearance of a spot appear to be progressively authentic to a peruser. To all the more likely comprehend nearby shading one should initially comprehend the three most significant qualities of it; vernacular, dress, and occupations. Three genuine instances of neighborhood shading and regionalism are found in The Outcasts of Poker Flat, The Red Badge Of Courage, And in A Mystery of Heroism. The Outcasts of Poker Level is a short story by Bret Harte about a western town that has ousted a gathering of ill-advised people. Nearby shading is first appeared in the start of the story when Harte discusses the individuals to be exiled. Harte depicted the gathering utilizing natural western sorts. 'The Duchess; another who had won the title of Mother Shipton; and Uncle Billy a speculated floodgate burglar and affirmed boozer (395). The utilization of nearby is appeared as Harte portrays the people occupations and appearance. Bret Harte likewise utilizes nearby shading in the exchange that he provides for his characters. As Mr. Oakhurst comes back to the gathering he talks in a specific vernacular. Is this yer a d____d cookout? (397). This exchange is an case of nearby shading since it depicts the way that individuals really talked. The Outcasts of Poker Flat shows neighborhood shading by depicting people groups occupations and the utilization of a southern sort tongue. The Red Badge of Courage is a novel by Stephen Crane that tells the life of a youthful trooper during the Civil War. Crane utilizes regionalism to portray the setting of the combat zone a number of times all through the novel. In the primary section Crane depicts the battleground as the sun is rising. A stream golden tinted in the shadow of its banks, purled at the military's feet (443). The Regionalism appeared depicts the combat zone and gives one a decent image of what it resembles. Like Harte, Crane additionally utilizes tongue to display neighborhood shading. When discussing the war Crane offers exchange to Jim that shows nearby shading. Obviously there is. You joke hold up until tomorrow, and you'll see one of greatest fights ever was. You joke pause (446). Crane utilizes slang words to help appear and give one a superior image of how life is. The Red Badge of Courage depicts numerous parts of Regionalism and Local Color in the setting and the characters exchange. Stephen Crane additionally expressed, A Mystery of Heroism, another anecdote about the life as a solider during the Civil War. Crane utilizes nearby Color by indicating a case of how the troopers looked during fight. The dim outfits of the men were so covered with dust from the relentless wrestling of the two armed forces that the regiment nearly appeared to be a piece of the mud bank which protected them from the shells (286). The portrayal of the officers dress shows neighborhood shading since it builds up how things were during the war. Crane likewise utilizes vernacular to show nearby shading in this short story. As Crane offers discourse to Fred Collins, an officer of one of the armed forces he utilizes slang words to express what is on his mind. 'Thundar! I wisht I had a beverage. Ain't there any water round here? Then someone hollered, There goes th' bugler!'(286). The slang words help the story appear to be progressively reasonable to the timeframe and causes the story to appear to be progressively conceivable. Like in The Red Badge of Mental fortitude Crane utilizes neighborhood shading to enable the story to appear to be reasonable for That time that is all. The Outcasts of Poker Flat, The Red Badge Of Courage, and A Mystery of Heroism are for the most part stories that utilization regionalism and nearby shading to help make them increasingly reasonable. Neighborhood shading which can be utilized in the qualities of characters dress, discourse, and occupation cause the peruser to feel more like they can see the characters appearance. Regionalism which depicts the setting of a story is a principle factor of Realism that helps show the delineation of life as a great many people live and know it. Authenticity was an incredible time in American Writing that concentrated on commonplace characters living with ordinary issues and circumstances.

Essay Examples For 6th Grade Students

Essay Examples For 6th Grade StudentsEssay samples for 6th grade students are a great way to have an overview of the type of writing assignments that are given during the summer. A good source of essays samples for your child is the Internet. For those who don't have access to the Internet, it's easy to find a variety of essays samples for your child online at sites like Evergreen State College.What will be interesting is to look at some of the essay samples for your child that are offered on these sites. First, there are many grammar and sentence constructions examples, and you will probably see that most grammar rules are not easily circumvented by your child. But many of the grammar rules that are taught in traditional college English courses are actually used throughout the essay samples for 6th grade students. This means that you should get your child to take a better look at the rules of grammar before moving ahead with the essay.When it comes to grammar and usage, we all want our students to be as prepared as possible, and this means doing the best we can with what they are being taught. Not only are the rules of grammar and usage important, but they are essential. It would not only be unfair to your child, but it would also be unnecessary to teach your child additional rules of grammar as well.While it is of course hard to read something over again, it is also the case that children will learn their writing skills differently as they progress through the grades. The elementary school essays for children are easy and fun, and while children do not learn much at all in the ways of thought when they are in Kindergarten, they do begin to develop grammar and spelling skills. As your child moves through their academic career, they will become more aware of their own writing skills and will become more adept at improving them as well.Many college level courses include writing assignments as part of the curriculum. For this reason, it is always a good idea to h ave a good understanding of writing samples for children by the time they reach the college level. As an example, your child may be assigned to write a paper about a topic that has a lot of political significance or is a big subject for a particular part of the country. By this time in their academic career, they should already have gained a good understanding of the rules of grammar and usage and can move forward on this assignment with confidence.Essay samples for 6th grade students also are essential for them to become more comfortable with writing and will also help them to improve their English writing skills by using examples of how to use specific writing tools. To help your child to become familiar with the rules of grammar and usage, you may want to also present them with a list of common errors in English writing. You can do this by linking to sites like spellcheck.com, which will help them check their work for mistakes.These are often what is known as 'sentence fragments' and are similar to common mistakes that we make in our own writing. Once your child is aware of these, they will be able to avoid them and will have more confidence in their own writing. And once they are confident, they can move on to write better sentences and paragraphs, which will make them sound more educated and professional. Again, doing this with essay samples for 6th grade students will help them learn the skill of grammar and usage without feeling silly.Finally, remember that one of the things that is taught in college is how to write in simple writing styles. Essay samples for 6th grade students can help teach them how to break down a large task into smaller, simpler chunks. This will help them become more efficient and help them keep track of more information.

Microsoft Outlook® User Manual Critique - 1171 Words

Microsoft Outlook ® User Manual Critique XXXX XXXX English 221 December 12, 2010 XXXX Microsoft Outlook ® User Manual Critique The objective of this paper will be to evaluate Microsoft manual for Outlook ®. According to Torkzadeh (1988), author of The Quality of User Documentation, â€Å"User documentation is an important tool for communications. It enhances the value of an application to the user and in turn, improves user satisfaction† (p. 99). When designing a manual Ganier (2007) suggests in his article, Comparative User-Focused Evaluation of User Guides, the strategy for a user manual should focus on 3 characteristics: format, structure, and its content. Ganier in his article also includes the criteria for measuring the†¦show more content†¦Practicality, the second criteria, as it applies to a user manual or an instruction, is whether or not the manual or instruction is designed and applicable to actual use. Overall, the manual is useful if the user is looking for instruction on performing a specific task. The user e-manual does a good job of explaining the various functions of the Outlook ® application. The tool bar menu items include navigation buttons which allow the user to easily move the focus of the manual back one page at a time or by clicking on the home button, to return to the first page. Simplicity is the lack of complexity, or intricacy, (Merriam-Webster’s, 2010). The Outlook ® user e-manual fulfills the definition of simplicity in its ability to reach a diverse target audience, with the ability to read and understand the content. Both basic and advanced users can utilize the search function of the manual to find instructions on the topic being searched. Basic tasks, such as creating an e-mail, or tasks for more advanced users, can easily be found in the manual. The user e-manual lacks overall efficiency as it does not give the user the ability to accomplish a task with ease and speed. The user e-manual should allow the user, no matter what their experience level with the application, to be able to access the information in the most efficient manner. The Outlook ® userShow MoreRelatedFashion Marketing17446 Words   |  70 Pagesall the classes either rulers or the group that was being ruled, had changed from time to time and in different civilisation. In the same aspect even then a focused view was with common individuals, as they also follow a firm path in the fashion outlook (Easey, 2003). Generally the changes maintained within a civilisation was because of the exhibiting the supremacy over other using clothing, but even using accessories, jewellery, hairstyles and 4 of 8 A.A.Haseebuddin Context of FashionRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesInstructor’s Manual Exploring Strategy Ninth edition Gerry Johnson Richard Whittington Kevan Scholes Steve Pyle For further instructor material please visit: www.pearsoned.co.uk/mystrategylab ISBN: 978-0-273-73557-1 (printed) ISBN: 978-0-273-73552-6 (web) ï £ © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to download and photocopy the manual as required. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated CompaniesRead MoreTestbook Answers112756 Words   |  452 PagesScott, Financial Accounting Theory, 6th Edition Instructor’s Manual Chapter 2 Suggested Solutions to Questions and Problems 1. P.V. Ltd. 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Acknowledgments We would like to thank Richard Bruce, Ottawa University for updating the Test Bank and Online Quizzes; Charlie Cook, University of West Alabama for revising the PowerPoint slides; Oliver F. Lehmann for providing access to PMBOK study questions; and Mink for accuracy checking the text and Instructor’s Resource Manual contentRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 Pagesterm is performance appraisal (Prasad, 2005). III. Criticism of Performance Appraisal In the present era almost all the organization have some kind of employees appraisal system, though the systems are not free from critics. First dominant critique is the management framework using appraisal as an â€Å"orthodox† technique that seeks remedies the weakness and proposal of appraisals as a system to develop performance (Beach 2005). 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Drop Down List Inside a DBGrid

Heres how to place a drop-down pick list into a DBGrid. Create visually more attractive user interfaces for editing lookup fields inside a DBGrid - using the PickList property of a DBGrid column. Now, that you know what are  lookup fields, and what are the options of displaying a lookup field in Delphis DBGrid, its time to see how to use the PickList property of a DGBrid column to enable a user to pick a value for a lookup field from a drop-down list box. A Quick Info on DBGrid Columns Property A DBGrid control has a Columns property - a collection of TColumn objects representing all of the columns in a grid control. Columns can be set at design time through the Columns editor, or programmatically at runtime. Youll usually add Columns to a DBGird when you want to define how a column appears, how the data in the column is displayed and to access the properties, events, and methods of TDBGridColumns at runtime. A customized grid enables you to configure multiple columns to present different views of the same dataset (different column orders, different field choices, and different column colors and fonts, for example). Now, each Column in a grid is linked to a field from a dataset displayed in the grid. Whats more, each column has a PickList property. The PickList property lists values that the user can select for the columns linked field value. Filling the PickList What you will learn here is how to fill that String List with values from another dataset at run time.Recall, that we are editing the Articles table and that a Subject field can only accept values from the Subjects table: the ideal situation for the PickList! Heres how to set up the PickList property. First, we add a call to the SetupGridPickList procedure in the Forms OnCreate event handler. procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);begin SetupGridPickList(Subject, SELECT Name FROM Subjects);end; The easiest way to create the SetupGridPickList procedure is to go to the private part of the form declaration, add the declaration there and hit the CTRL SHIFT C key combination - Delphis  code completion  will do the rest: ...type TForm1 class(TForm)... privateprocedure SetupGridPickList( const FieldName : string; const sql : string); public... Note: the SetupGridPickList procedure takes two parameters. The first parameter, FieldName, is the name of the field we want to act like a lookup field; the second parameter, SQL, is the SQL expression we use to populate the PickList with possible values - in general, the SQL expression should return a dataset with only one field. Heres how the SetupGridPickList looks like: procedure TForm1.SetupGridPickList(const FieldName, sql: string);var slPickList:TStringList; Query : TADOQuery; i : integer;begin slPickList:TStringList.Create; Query : TADOQuery.Create(self); try Query.Connection : ADOConnection1; Query.SQL.Text : sql; Query.Open; //Fill the string listwhile not Query.EOF dobegin slPickList.Add(Query.Fields[0].AsString); Query.Next; end; //while //place the list it the correct columnfor i:0 to DBGrid1.Columns.Count-1 do if DBGrid1.Columns[i].FieldName FieldName thenbegin DBGrid1.Columns[i].PickList:slPickList; Break; end; finally slPickList.Free; Query.Free; end; end; (*SetupGridPickList*) Thats it. Now, when you click the Subject column (to enter into edit mode). Note 1: by default, the drop-down list displays 7 values. You can change the length of this list by setting the DropDownRows property. Note 2: nothing stops you from filling up the PickList from a list of values not coming from a database table. If, for example, you have a field that only accepts weekday names (Monday, ..., Sunday) you can build a hard-coded PickList. Uh, I need to click the PickList 4 times... Note that when you want to edit the field displaying a drop-down list, youll need to click the cell 4 times in order to actually pick a value from a list. The next code snippet, added to the DBGrids OnCellClick event handler, mimics a hit to the F2 key followed by Alt DownArrow. procedure TForm1.DBGrid1CellClick(Column: TColumn);begin//Making the drop-down pick list appear fasterif Column.PickList.Count 0 thenbegin keybd_event(VK_F2,0,0,0); keybd_event(VK_F2,0,KEYEVENTF_KEYUP,0); keybd_event(VK_MENU,0,0,0); keybd_event(VK_DOWN,0,0,0); keybd_event(VK_DOWN,0,KEYEVENTF_KEYUP,0); keybd_event(VK_MENU,0,KEYEVENTF_KEYUP,0); end;end;

Essay on His/145 Native American Civil Rights - 724 Words

Native American Civil Rights HIS/145 Native American Civil Rights Native Americans were the people of the land before English settlers claimed the United States as it is today. Throughout time they have been mistreated by white people and forced to be Americanized. Their culture has almost died with their people, and to this day their rights can be challenged as unjustified. Before the 1960’s, Native Americans were pretty much ignored by other groups of ethnicity, especially the whites. However, postwar of Vietnam sparked the American youth to protest politics, and Native Americans stood up for their civil rights as American people. In 1961, around sixty seven tribes made up of over four hundred tribal members, met up in†¦show more content†¦One of the most celebrated protests happened February 1973 at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. This was the site of the 1890 massacre of the Sioux Indians murdered in cold blood by American federal troops. AIM occupied and seized the town of Wounded Knee for about two months, demanding changes in their administration and asking the government to honor their treaty obligations that were said to be forgotten. Only one Indian was killed during this protest and another one wounded. The Indian civil rights movement, like most other civil rights movements of their times did not win full justice and equality for their people. The principal goal to some Native Americans was to defend, and protect their rights as Native Americans. As to other Native Americans it was equality. Native Americans wanted to win a place in society as an equal to all groups that made up Americans. Howev er, there is no single Indian culture or tradition in America, so the movement to unite all Native American tribes failed. The Indian civil rights movement, for all the limitations it had endured, did accomplish winning a series of brand new legal rights and protections, which gave them a much stronger position in the twentieth century. (Brinkley, 2012 pageShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sherman Alexie s Indian Education 1330 Words   |  6 Pagesbackground, beliefs, or anything looked at that makes them stand out from others. I was introduced to a short story called â€Å"Indian Education† by Sherman Alexie about a boy named Junior and the struggles he faced throughout school because he was Native American. I was also introduced to another short story called â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou about a young woman named Marguerite Johnson who was proud of her background being â€Å"Negro† even if it included some unfairness. Throughout history discriminationRead Mor eLasting Effects Slavery Has Had on African American Culture Essay766 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the colonial period early American settlers came up with the idea to bring African natives overseas to America and use them as slaves. The white man was higher up than the black man in society at the time because of the color of his skin. Americans consider this the biggest blight on our history. The shame of this period in our history still continues today for many whites, but many blacks still feel angry and oppressed. With the election of our first black president, we are really showingRead MoreThurgood Marshall Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesThurgood Marshall was a great African American Civil Rights activist who changed a lot of lives in the United States. As a passionate lawyer and prominent Supreme Court justice he fought for Civil Rights and social justice in the courts and believed that racial integration is best for all schools. Very early in his professional life Marshall broke down racial barriers and overcame resistance despite the odds. He then became a role model of the disciplined leader, although he didn’t have theRead MoreSports And Education : Paving The Way For A New American Life995 Words   |  4 PagesSports Education: Paving the Way for a New American Life in North Carolina With the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865, the â€Å"New South† as the native folks of North Carolina began referring their state by, sought a new way of American lifestyle through the rapid growth and popularity of organized sports. A nation controlled by ideals of the racist white male suppressed the ability of women, the poor, and African Americans to create a prosperous life for themselves. Pamela Grundy is able to beautifullyRead MorePrison Writings: My Life Is My Sun Dance1414 Words   |  6 Pagesarrived are the one race that is given the least amount of respect? After the British defeat by the Colonies in the Revolutionary War the Natives lost the last of hold on their old ways. It eliminated the Proclamation of 1763 and opened the doors to westward expansion. Now 230 years after the war Natives are forced to live in secluded â€Å"reservations† that the American government has chosen as â€Å"Indian Country.† Throughout those 230 years there have been many conflicts between the two nations. GeneralRead MoreRacism In Public Space Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pagesin public spaces. It not only has the twists and turns but, for minorities, is racist. Ever since the slave days, African Americans have known to be cautious around police. A few decades ago, the Jim Crow laws legalized separation of races in numerous public spaces. Most blacks have had to adapt to racism and profiling, which is by police due to the white majority in American cities. The recent epidemic of police shootings has made the situation even more worrisome. One can see the effects of thisRead MoreEssay on Slavery In Illinois1556 Words   |  7 Pagesshould be implemented or not, its abolishment, and up to the time it ended. The paper also contains a well-opinionated reaction about slavery, how it is different from today. The Civil War Period has always been the primary hub of teaching in any American History classes. The era between the American Revolution and the Civil War was of a great importance since it has been the best and worst part of the western civilization during those times. The limelight was theirs when we turn back the pages of historyRead MoreLand of the Free? Essay1753 Words   |  8 Pagescountry was declared independent in 1776. Author James Baldwin focuses on one specific group in his writing: African Americans. In his book, The Price of the Ticket, he brilliantly provides insight on African Americans’ struggle against racial discrimination in the United States. James Baldwin faced a great deal of adversity in his life. Everywhere in America, he was forced to deal with racism because of his skin color. It was difficult for him to be taken seriously as a writer. He writes, â€Å"I left AmericaRead MoreGun Control Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagesheated topic for Americans everywhere, but it is one that needs to be settled and agreed upon. Gun control has been around since after the Civil War. It was first used to keep former black slaves from having the right to own guns. (The reason for this is because some white people were afraid there could be a rebellion from blacks who were still angry about being enslaved and their rights being taken away.) a little long and wordy Today, gun control is a very sensitive topic for Americans. Some peopleRead MoreFour Historical Occasions of Non Violent Protest2166 Words   |  9 PagesThe 20th Century saw many civil resistance movements that made change by implementing a system of education in their non-violent protest strategies. This paper will be looking at: Gandhi and the struggle for Indian Independence (specifically 1907-1947), African American U.S. Civil Rights Movement (specifically 1960-1967), South African Apartheid (specifically 1976-1994), and the Northern Ireland Republicans held at Long Kesh Prison (1976-1985). These four struggles demonstrate that knowledge is powerful

Crime and Youth Care Facility Essay Sample free essay sample

Few yearss ago. the Senate approved on concluding reading a measure amending Republic Act No. 9344. otherwise known as the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006. in order to better its execution. I AM IN FAVOR OF THIS GREAT ACT BY OUR LAWMAKERS. We all know that Republic Act No. 9344 has been intended to protect the public assistance of kids in struggle with the jurisprudence. bulk of who are guilty of junior-grade offenses such as junior-grade larceny. vagrancy and whiffing gum. Prior to the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006. kids in struggle with the jurisprudence were thrown into the same prison cells as hard-boiled felons. Surveies show that most of them were first-time wrongdoers. while eight per centum committed offenses against belongings. These kids are so doomed to a life of offense. riping them victims of a judicial system that unwittingly breeds felons. With the execution of RA 9344. kids in struggle with the jurisprudence are being provided with intercession plans alternatively of being thrown into gaol. But like any other jurisprudence. certain commissariats of RA 9344 demand to be improved. Now. Senate Bill No. 3324 amended Republic Act No. 9344. NOT because it wants to revise it. but merely because it wants to clear up the significance of â€Å"fifteen old ages of age. † the age of condemnable duty. Current misunderstanding leads to youth wrongdoers under 15 old ages old being released when they should alternatively be capable to formal proceedings. Under the proposed step. kids 15 old ages old and under at the clip of the committee of the offense. will be exempted from condemnable liability. However. these bush leagues can confront civil liabilities in conformity with bing Torahs. Childs who are 15 old ages of age or under shall non be exempt from civil liabilities. Liability of parents for quasi-delicts and felonies committed by their minor kids is direct and primary and non subordinate. This means that the parents or defenders exerting parental authorization over their kids shall be responsible for the damages. reparation and damages for eventful amendss. as the instance may be. If the kid committed larceny. he or she is obliged to return the thing he or she has stolen. If it is non possible to return what he or she has stolen. the parents should pay the sum equivalent to what the kid has stolen. Children under this class shall be instantly released to the detention of his or her parents or defenders. or in the absence thereof. the child’s nighest comparative. Furthermore. kids who are 15 old ages old or below shall be subjected to a community-based intercession plan supervised by the local societal public assistance and development officer. unless the best involvement of the kid requires the referral of the kid to a young person attention installation or Bahay Pag-Asa managed by the DSWD. LGU’s or licensed and/or accredited NGOs monitored by the DSWD. The step besides proposes that repetition wrongdoers. or kids who have committed offenses more than three times. be considered as ignored kids and. as such. must undergo intercession plans supervised by the local societal public assistance and development officers. Meanwhile. the step besides states that kids 15 old ages old or below who committed flagitious offenses such as colza and slaying shall be compulsorily placed in a particular installation within the young person attention installation or Bahay Pag-Asa called the Intensive Juvenile Intervention and Support Center. The proposed statute law besides provides the maximal punishment for those who exploit kids such as mobs. for the committee of condemnable discourtesies. This measure besides requires that understanding be alleged in the information in a condemnable instance affecting kids in struggle with the jurisprudence. Now. with all these characteristics of the amendment of the jurisprudence. I say I am in favour of such great move by our well-thought-of lawgivers. Thank you and hold a good twenty-four hours! —–End—– Amendments IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE A ; WELFARE ACT OF 2006 ( NEGATIVE SIDE/ ANTI – FOR DEBATE ) Few months ago. the House of Representatives passed on 3rd and concluding reading House Bill 6052 suggesting to take down the age of condemnable liability from 15 to 12 old ages old. The measure aims to amend Republic Act 9344. the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act. passed six old ages ago. I AM Not IN FAVOR OF SUCH MOVE BY OUR LAWMAKERS. My base is non to amend the Juvenile Justice Law but name for its effectual execution alternatively. Lowering the age of condemnable duty constitutes a sedate breach on the convention on the rights of the kid to which the Philippines has ratified and acceded. Our state must ever be guided by the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice. more normally known as the â€Å"Beijing Rules† . which is a model to see in finding the age of condemnable duty. The Beijing Rules recommends that the minimal age of condemnable duty â€Å"shall non be fixed at excessively low an age degree. bearing in head the facts of emotional. mental and rational adulthood. † Our oppositions postulate that the increasing figure of kids involved in flagitious offenses as the primary ground for amending the jurisprudence. But the consequences of an on-line canvass on the House of Representatives’ website show that public sentiment is on civil society’s side. with the bulk non in favour of the amendment. Online House canvass shows bulk disagree with take downing the age of condemnable liability. Asked if take downing the age of condemnable duty is a justifiable policy. 75 per centum of those who responded said no. while merely 25 per centum agreed with the proposal. The international community supports the same place. In the recent United Nations’ Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review ( UPR ) duologue in Geneva. a figure of states recommended implementing RA 9344 alternatively of amending it. Norway. in peculiar. recommended that the Philippines â€Å"take immediate steps to to the full implement the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006. † Germany. interim. asked the Philippines to â€Å"ensure that the age of condemnable duty is non lowered. † It besides recommended for the betterment of prison conditions to guarantee the separation of juvenile detainees from grownup captives. Ecuador seconded Germany’s gesture. The inhumane conditions of children-in-conflict with the jurisprudence can non be denied from the eyes of the international community. Hence. during the UPR. most recommendations by foreign states to the Filipino authorities were addressed to guaranting that any signifiers of anguish and bodily penalty ( against kids ) should be looked into. Ladies and gentlemen. allow me repeat my base: I AM Not IN FAVOR OF SUCH MOVE BY OUR LAWMAKERS. —–End—–

The Prodigal Son free essay sample

In addition, they taught the value of being persistent regardless of what everyone else does. Each week, some parents may also share Bible stories; one can recall hearing about David and Goliath, Joseph the dreamer, and the parable of the Prodigal Son. Over the past few weeks, the reexamine/study the parable of the Prodigal Son has allowed an understanding that it is more than just the story which focuses on a lost son who found his way back home. In fact, it displays the overwhelming display of a father’s love more than the sins of a son or it can be stated his sons. The parable is located in the New Testament of the Bible in the gospel recorded by Luke. It can be found in chapter number fifteen beginning with verse number eleven through verse thirty-two. In this same chapter, Jesus spoke of two preceding parables, one which told of a lost sheep and a shepherd’s joy, located in Luke chapter number fifteen verses number one through seven. We will write a custom essay sample on The Prodigal Son or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Additionally, the gospel of Luke records another parable in which Jesus speaks of a coin that a woman lost and spent all day searching for it. She found her coin which was lost and rejoiced greatly after she found the coin. It seemed fitting to tell another story which would show the unconditional love a father has for his sons. Although, the parables of the lost sheep, the lost coin, and the lost son speaks of three separate incidences they all share the same theme. They all illustrate lose and redemption and shows us that God’s love is greater than anything. Within its literary context the three parables figuratively speaks of God’s love. Additionally, within the three parables the writer uses simile and allegory to further express how God’s love is superior over all things, it triumphs the foolishness of man, it delivers us from the tempters voice, and He forgives us of our rebellious hearts. Luke Chapter number fifteen, verses eleven through thirty-two reads; there was man who had two sons. The younger one said to his father, Father, give me the share of the property that will belong to me. So he divided his property between them. A few days later the younger son gathered all he had and traveled to a distant country, and there he squandered his property in dissolute living. When he had spent everything, a severe famine took place throughout that country, and he began to be in need. So he went and hired himself out to one of the citizens of that country, who sent him to his fields to feed the pigs. He would gladly have filled himself with the pods that the pigs were eating; and no one gave him anything. But when he came to himself he said, How many of my fathers hired hands have bread enough and to spare, but here I am dying of hunger! I will get up and go to my father, and I will say to him, Father, I have sinned against heaven and before you; I am no longer worthy to be called your son; treat me like one of your hired hands. So he set off and went to his father. But while he was still far off, his father saw him and was filled with compassion; he ran and put his arms around him and kissed him. Then the son said to him, Father, I have sinned against heaven and before you; I am no longer worthy to be called your son. But the father said to his slaves, Quickly, bring out a robe-the best one-and put it on him; put a ring on his finger and sandals on his feet. And get the fatted calf and kill it, and let us eat and celebrate; for this son of mine was dead and is alive again; he was lost and is found! And they began to celebrate. Now his elder son was in the field; and when he came and approached the house, he heard music and dancing. He called one of the slaves and asked what was going on. He replied, Your brother h as come, and your father has killed the fatted calf, because he has got him back safe and sound. Then he became angry and refused to go in. His father came out and began to plead with him. But he answered his father, Listen! For all these years I have been working like a slave for you, and I have never disobeyed your command; yet you have never given me even a young goat so that I might celebrate with my friends. But when this son of yours came back, who has devoured your property with prostitutes, you killed the fatted calf for him! Then the father said to him, Son, you are always with me, and all that is mine is yours. But we had to celebrate and rejoice, because this brother of yours was dead and has come to life; he was lost and has been found. Luke 15:11-32(NRSV) To fully comprehend Luke’s purpose and point of views by the ways in which he reveals Jesus throughout this gospel writings and specifically in this parable, a person would have to obtain a working knowledge of the literary style and characteristics of both the book and the passage. A good starting point for biblical research in regards to a particular book in the Bible is by first understanding its theme. When we read the gospels it is easy to notice each literary writer’s description or accounts of Jesus are unique to its own because God inspired men to write what their own personal accounts of the life of Jesus was. By doing so, God has allowed us to see Jesus from different perspectives; however, each personal account does not negate the other writer’s account of the life of Jesus. When it comes to the gospel of Luke or any other book in the bible a good starting point for study purpose should begin with finding out who’s the author of the book? This information could be helpful in understanding to whom it was written, the message and its purpose. Finally, we would need to know how relevant the message is and how to incorporate it into our daily lives. The Bible tells us that Luke was a Gentile, the only New Testament writer who was not a Jew. Colossians 4:14 says that he was a doctor by profession and maybe that very fact gave him the wide sympathy he possessed. It was once said that a minister sees man at the best, a lawyer sees men at their worse, and a doctor sees men as they are. Luke sees men and loves them all. The book was written to a man called Theophilu; specifically, he is called most excellent this was the title normally given to high officials in the Roman government. While reading Luke it is clear that he wrote mainly for Gentiles. Theophilus was not a Jew and neither was Luke. Unlike Matthew, who wrote from a Jewish perspective, Luke’s gospel does not focus on Jesus as the fulfillment of Jewish prophecy. An example of this can be seen in Luke’s gospel as he never uses the term Rabbi to address Jesus, instead he would always use a Greek word meaning master when he addressed Jesus. Furthermore, when he traces Jesus descent he does not end with Abraham, the founder of the Jewish race as Matthew does (Matthew Ch. 1:2) but he traces Jesus descent to Adam, the founder of the human race (Luke 3:38). However, it is easy to determine that one of the major themes of this book is salvation and Jesus saves, and this salvation is for all noted through Luke’s focuses on Gentiles, Samaritans, and marginalized people within Israel. The theme and literary style of God our savior is throughout Luke’s gospel and within the parable of the lost son. Additionally, the best way to obtain the cultural and historical background within this message is done by a careful exegetical approach. First, we have to note that although this story takes place in the New Testament the audience in which Jesus was speaking lived under the law. So the story would not be of relevance to those who were listening. Based upon the Mosaic law, within each family the firstborn son obtained the rights to a double share of the inheritance (Deut 21:17; keep us he must acknowledge the son of his unloved wife and the firstborn by giving him a double share of all he has. That son is the first sign of his father’s strength. The right of first born belongs to him). Thus, the younger son would receive a third. For the most part the property would be left within a will effective on the death of the father, or by way of a gift during the father’s lifetime. In the latter case, any interest on the property was only payable after the death of the father. In unique situations such as in the case of the young man in this parable, even though he has disposed of the property its buyer could not take possession of it until the death of the father. This is shown in this parable, because the father seems to retain possession of the property and the family’s support came by way of the estate. This can be seen in Luke 15: 31; when the father conversed with the older brother verse 31; my son, the father said, you are always with me, and everything I have is yours. The radical nature of the sons request is confirmed by Pohlmann, who analyzes the parable in terms of the Greek and Wisdom understanding of house. He shows that the father was not rich, nor was the farm a large estate, but rather one that provided basic support for the family. The sons request for the inheritance was, therefore, contrary to the basic ethos of the house. He thus plays the role of the rebellious fool in the Wisdom tradition. By asking for his share of the property while the father was still alive, the son is, in effect, saying that he is no longer able to live in the family house. Nevertheless, the father accedes to his sons wishes, thereby granting him the freedom to choose his own destiny and live with the implications of his decision. The audiences, completely astounded at this point, are in for a further shock. The boy converts the property into cash, thereby ignoring any moral claim that his father had on the property. He has now clearly violated Jewish law by failing to honor his parents and to sustain them in their old age Mark 7: 11-14; then you no longer let them do anything for their father or mother. Thus you nullify the word of God by your tradition that you have handed down. And you do many things like that. Again Jesus called the crowd to him and said, Listen to me, everyone, and understand this. The scriptures recorded in Mark 7:11-14 further reiterates the son’s selfish request breaks social norms of the times because such an act went against the culture of the house, thus this caused the young man to unknowingly played the role of a fool. It has not been determined as to the reasons why the younger son asked to receive his inheritance in the manner in which he does. Moreover, this parable seems to leave the door open to speculate whether or not there were possible family issues such as a strained relationship between the son and another family member. However, the validity to such a statement is unknown but, we can conclude or immediately draw from the story is that the younger of the two sons appeared as though he wanted to be alienated from his family. Such a statement is as though the son is actually saying he wished his father was dead so he could get his share of the inheritance. Despite such and odd request the story does not depict or showcase a father’s anger or disappointment towards the son. However, what we do see in the story is participation on the behalf of the father which would make it possible for this son to receive his inheritance earlier in life. Nevertheless, the father grants the request of his youngest son. The parable states after receiving his portion of the inheritance a few days later the son realizes what he had in terms of money, so he leaves to experience life in a foreign land. After arriving in the foreign land away from his father and brother, the son sought to seek pleasures and fulfillment; moreover, he lived a wasteful and extravagant life until he spent all his money. The parable was not designed to focus on or place emphasis on the type of lifestyle the son chose to live while in the absence of his father, but what we do know is it would not have been a lifestyle that his father would have approved. The father had an estate which means that the father must have been a good steward over his possession no matter how great or small his estate may have been. However, not after too long the son found himself without any money and no one would give him any assistance. With no help on his side, the young man falls on his natural desire to survive, so he joins himself as a citizen of the foreign country and finds a job feeding pigs. This within itself must have been an awful feeling, because at least at his father’s estate there were slaves and hired servant workers, so surely he would not need to feed pigs in order to fulfill the basic necessities of life. Furthermore, this type of employment for a Jew would be degrading and humiliating, because during the time of this parable the Jews were still living under the law and pigs were not looked upon favorably by Jews. They considered pigs as being unclean animals. Therefore, this job posed a conflict of interest for this young Jew; it caused him to violate his religious customs which was a huge smack to his self-worth. In addition, the job must not have paid very much. In this story, he seemed to be envious of the pigs because he was feeding them a meal while he was very hungry and no one would give him anything. Anyone reading this parable or listening to Jesus tell this story can realize this moment was much lower than a breaking point in this man’s life, but something happens and the story begins to take a turn. Verse seventeen of the parable says that when he came to his senses, he thought of home he said, how many of my father’s hired men have food to spare, and here I am starving to death! He got up headed back to his father with desires to only want to work as a hired servant and not to be viewed as a son. This man’s fall in life caused him to realize the error of his ways, but it does not deter him from doing something about it. The best decision this man made was not his plans to serve his father as a hired worker; instead it was his decision to return to his father that made the difference. As the young man was heading home the parable states that while he was afar off the father saw him and had compassion for him ran hugged and kissed him. After the son ask for forgiveness, his father as in previous times showered him with fatherly love. The parable then states the father said to his servants, quick bring the best robe and put it on him. Put a ring on his finger and sandals on his feet. Bring the fattened calf and kill it. Let’s have a feast and celebrate. For this son of mine was dead and is alive again was lost and is found. So they begin to celebrate. The father specifically asked for the best robe, a ring and sandals for his son and for good reason. The robe stands for honor, the ring for authority, and the shoes were a sign of freedom. Unfortunately, while they were celebrating the older brother heard singing and dancing while he was working in the field, and he asked one of the servants what was going on and he told him that his brother had returned home and their father killed the fattened calf because his brother had returned home safely. Sadly, instead of celebrating his brother’s return the older brother became angry and would not go inside to celebrate. Amazingly, the father still displayed unconditional love towards his son. In an attempt to remind him of how important he was, the father said that I have had you here with me and all I have is yours, but now your brother is back and we should celebrate but the brother remained on the outside he never went in to celebrate with his father. The story of the prodigal son has gone down in history as one of the best story ever told of a father’s love for his sons and it is still relevant today. Furthermore, the gospel writers Mathew, Mark, Luke and John wrote believing Jesus’s messages were relevant to their generation/cultures and it would remain that way for future generations. As it correlates to modern times, we can look at the story from the perspectives of a father and his two sons. The Father, who represents God, was a loving father who displayed an ability of long sufferings. God loves us despite our shortcomings. Regardless of what we have done the Lord does not want us to not talk with him. The parable says that he, the Prodigal Son came to his senses as though the light bulb went off, something within the man changed at that very moment. He realized that he was disconnected from the person that truly loved him and with that he knew he had to return from where he came. This speaks volume because there are many people who have fallen into tough times, but they never seem to realize they need God. Our heavenly father is represented in this parable, always willing to love, forgive and restore order in life, additionally, upon our return we should celebrate as done in this story. God is waiting to honor, restore order to the life of us, His children. It is good to know despite what anyone else may have to say about our past God is only looking to celebrate our return while freeing and securing our future. Just as the brother in this story was hesitate to celebrate the return of the prodigal son; we should be aware that there will be individual who will not want to forget our past sins. Spiritually, they stand on the outside not willing to celebrate others restored relationship with the Father. The story of the prodigal son is one that reminds us that in life there are some things that we must learn the hard way. The son was aware of the traditions and customs of his time, but the father allowed him to experience the hardships of the â€Å"real† world. This experience had a greater impact than any childhood story or teachable moment the father could have shared with the son. Although, the son learned the value of his father’s love the hard way, he realized that there is no place like home. Spiritually, being home is to know that God loves us regardless of our many sins and that if we confuse them, He will restore us to a right relationship with him. References:

Anarchists and the Spanish Civil War essays

Anarchists and the Spanish Civil War essays The Spanish Civil War laid the groundwork for the mass destruction and turmoil that was to come with World War II. The Civil war was a battle among the left, pitting communism versus fascism. There were many different groups fighting for each side, the most important, anarchists. Anarchists believe in a classless society. It is their ideas that oppose capitalism as a system that profits the small minority and not the majority. Government, army, and police, are seen through their eyes as an institution whose purpose is to enforce the ways of these minority groups. Instaed of letting these small minority groups lead, they feel that the workers have the power and strength, in numbers, to change society. It is through their ability to organize and fight that the anarchists made the biggest impact on the war. Collectivization and industrialization were ideas shared by the CNT (Condeferacion Nacional de Trabajo), and were extensive. The peasants had come together in order to gain control of the land that they had worked on. Ronald Fraser states, that the anarchists would go to a large village and clean it up in the name of the CNT(60). The clean-up would take place by any means necessary, and force and terror were tactics that were used. It was through the terror that many villagers joined the side of the anarchists in their views for collectivization. It is through the collectives that production greatly increased the yield of the lands, in some cases as much as a 50% increase. Workplaces were taken over to increase the production of materials needed to aid the revolution. Often these factories were abandoned by the owners in order to sabotage the revolution. The biggest contribution that the anarchists made was in the form of their militia. The militia was guerilla-like there were no uniforms, or officers just a group of revolutionaries. It was this revolutionary army that took the country by s...

Positive and negative effects of social networking Essay

Positive and negative effects of social networking - Essay Example Social networking sites are among the social media services that have tremendously received significant attention  in the society. There is no doubt that social networking has improved the day-to-day life of many people in the society such as making communication easier and  cheaper. However, the impact behind this cannot be underrated, as the society is moving into the technology age, the negative impacts of networking are increasing; thus outcompeting the benefits. Although, social networking makes communication easier and cheaper, it has led to increased social disorders, impacted personal privacy, cybercrimes related and destroyed relationships. Social networking sites have contributed to more harm than good in the contemporary society in varied ways. First, it has led to deterioration of health due to increased social disorders such as Facebook Addiction Disorder and other related diseases such as obesity, hypertension, obesity, depression, anxiety among others. Biswajit and Jyoti (2011, p.225) argue that in case the world is facing any new addiction disorder, then Facebook addiction should be the first one. This is a kind of disease that evolved recently due to addiction of social networking; thus, it has made some people mad while others had become drug addicts. This is because many Internet users especially teenagers use drugs and alcohols in order to hypertext or keep in touch with friends. This has made many of them forget the physical world surrounding them. The increased research on the impact of social networking indicates that the social media has currently exposed many users to varied consequences. For instance, many youths who are among the majority of social networking sites such as Face book, Twitter, You Tube, MySpace among others undergo varied problems such as depression, stress and loneliness that may lead to committing suicide (Feinstein, Bhatia, Hershenberg and Davila, 2012). For instance, the shocking news reported by the Florida Ti mes-Union revealed the scandalous act of an 18 years boy who was stabbed by his friend just because of an argument on Facebook. Secondly, the social networking has destroyed relationships and made life miserable to users. Social networking was thought to help users improve and build health or quality relationships, but instead it has damaged it. For instance, some spouses update their status on Facebook as single and yet they are married. Some comments posted on Facebook have led to breaking up relationships. The research survey by AAML (American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers) revealed that Facebook is the main cause behind increased divorce case in America (Biswajit and Jyoti 2011, 226). Feinstein et al (2011) indicates that the social networking sites are avenue for problematic interpersonal behaviors. This is because the effect of depressive and anxiety symptoms are among the aspects that impact the health lifestyles. This may result due to relationship problems that impact the quality of life. Given that the social networking sites is perceived as the safer and effective means of communicating than the face-to-face method, the socially anxious individuals encounter varied problems across relationship types (Feinstein et al 2011, p 375). Lastly, it has also led to increased cybercrimes, affected work productivity and impacted personal privacy. Social networking offer cybercriminals a considerable advantage of conning, raping, murdering and involving in other related crimes to the targeted victims. The study reports

First 3 page of the script for time travel story Essay

First 3 page of the script for time travel story - Essay Example He stops the car. He sees his daughter, SANDY (6). She has dark red wavy hair and blue eyes. He sees his wife approaching Sandy. AMANDA (36) is a beautiful redhead. She calls Sandy and goes to her to hug her. They look at Sam and then he sees them differently. They are not his wife and kid anymore. Sam drives to a house with a large front yard. He goes to the garage and parks his car. He opens the door. He drops his luggage at the sofa and goes to the back of the house. He looks at the empty backyard. He looks out to the nearest house. It is 40 meters away. He can see a FAMILY looking at him and waving. FATHER (30), MOTHER (25), and SIX YOUNG KIDS with the eldest probably only 10 years old. He waves back and goes inside his house. He sweeps around the house. He mops the floor. After he has cleaned the house, he decides to go to the bedroom. He takes his luggage. Once in his bedroom, he opens his luggage that has three sets of clothes. He closes it again. The closet has mirrors inside the doors. He looks at himself. He sees a 45-year-old man with gray hair and sad eyes. He has a crumpled white t-shirt, faded jeans, and old rubber shoes. Flashback to him in a perfectly tailored suit. Opening hook- Darkness. Sounds of an office. Laptops clicking softly, people talking to their phones about stocks and prices, good mornings. Opens like eyes. Someone is inside a large office looking out. Employees are busy. Business attire. Attractive people. No one is not doing anything. A few people greet someone consecutively. â€Å"Good morning boss!† â€Å"Good morning Sir!† â€Å"Sam†. Blinks again. Inside prison. Dirty. People in tattoos. Eating. Talking. Swearing. Pushing around. â€Å"What are you looking at motherfucker!† Sam goes back to a very early time in his childhood. He finds himself coming out of his bedroom closet, which was apparently the time machine itself. He is surprised to know that the closet is his all along. He hears his

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay Example for Free

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest published in 1962 is a fiction novel by Ken Kesey. The novel is set in an Oregon asylum and serves as a study of the institutional practice and the human mind. Its curious approach lays the foundation for a discussion concerning truth, as not each event described by the narrator is possible truth in the book’s reality, such an evaluation is made by the reader. One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest is the creation of both the personal experiences of the author, Ken Kesey, and the particular culture in which it was written. Kesey developed the novel as he attended Stanford University as a graduate student in their Creative Writing program as the winner of a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship. The novel was partly inspired by Kesey’s part-time job as an orderly in a Palo Alto veterans’ hospital. It was moreover as a student at Stanford where Kesey started participating in experiments for the psychology department that involved the exercise of LSD. This use of LSD had driven Kesey to have hallucinations while working as an orderly. Kesey imagine seeing a large Indian mopping the flooring of the hospital; this hallucination prompted Kesey to include the character Chief Bromden as the novel’s narrator. â€Å"What is the character of Bromden? How he regain his sanity? † A tall, half-Indian patient in the ward, Chief Bromden is the patient who has been considered the longest in the institution. Even though others believe that he is deaf and mute, Chief Bromden instead prefer not to speak, originally for the reason that others ignored him and then out of fear of Nurse Ratched. Chief Bromden is said to be the narrator of the novel. With the aid of McMurphy, he started to speak once more and reassert himself against Nurse Ratched and her workers. Chief Bromden speaks to McMurphy and sooner overcomes his schizophrenia throughout his influence, distinguishing himself for the physical giant and mistreated man he has always been. Chief Bromden’s background has had an intense impact on his character. Society never treated him with the respect every person deserved, and not being competent to face up to it, he was forced into hiding out in a mental institution. The abandon from society all through his life turned the Chief into a paranoid, unconfident and reserved man. The reader gets a quick look of Chief Bromden’s paranoia in the start of the novel. General Discussion The One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest novel in some sense structures a bridge between the bohemian beatnik movements of the 1950s and the 1960s counterculture movement. Kesey was significantly motivated by the beatnik culture around Stanford, and in the novel Kesey deals with a number of themes that would be important in the counterculture movement, as well as notions of freedom from repressive authority and a more liberated observation of sexuality. Kesey himself became an extremely influential counterculture figure as piece of the Merry Pranksters. Chief Bromden is a half American Indian. His father was a chief named Tee Ah Millatoona, which referred as The-pine-that-stands-tallest-on-the-mountain. That is why he is capable of using the title chief. He took on his mother’s last name of Bromden. He spent his growing up stage in the Columbian gorge. The chief is massive and tall and would appear very unapproachable and threatening to those who meet him. He was committed to the hospital institution and has been there for longer than anybody else, for over 15 years. Chief Bromden was put in there after World War two. The chief was an electricians assistant in a training camp prior to the army shipped him off to Germany. It is possibly due to working with electronics and the added tension of going to war that has led the chief to have such a harmful preoccupation with electronics. The chief has led everybody in the hospital, both staff and patients to think he is deaf and dumb. As a young child he was for all time ignored, by fellow students and adults, this could have been for the reason that he was so strange looking, being half American Indian and appearing so big and threatening yet being quite shy. I had to keep acting deaf if I wanted to hear at all Chief Bromden said. He felt abandoned by his peers all through life and so as an adult decided that as people acted like he was invisible he might as well vanish, It wasnt me that started acting deaf, it was people that first started acting like I was too dumb to hear or see or say anything at all Chief Bromden said. So acting to be deaf and dumb was most likely a defense mechanism. For him, his silence is also exceptionally potent. As he is capable to hear all that went on in the meetings where the doctors and nurses talk about the future of the patients. The doctors and nurses dont hesitate to declare anything in front of him for the reason that they assume he cant hear. Chief Bromden said They dont bother not talking out loud about their hate secrets when Im nearby because they think Im deaf and dumb. The process and experiences that Chief Bromden has to go through in order to regain his sanity is discussed below. In the first chapter, Kesey sets up the formation of the mental institution where the novel takes place. The authority figure is obviously Nurse Ratched, as yet known merely as Big Nurse, a woman whose character seems hardly human. Kesey makes the whole thing about Nurse Ratched mechanical and automated, such as her robotic movements and accurate speech. She is a representation of bureaucracy and authority in general. Conversely, even within this first chapter there are signs that behind this apparently inhuman facade there is some great instability. Chief Bromden appears to believe that Nurse Ratched is ready to snap at the black boys at any minute, and her big breasts, the one absurd part of her appearance, illustrate that she is unable of fully separating herself from typical human characteristics. The black boys, the workers at the institution, serve Nurse Ratched out of terror; on the other hand, their most well-known characteristic is an absolute hatred for all around them. Unlike Nurse Ratched, they are cruel, if only for the reason Nurse Ratched is incapable of feeling any satisfaction from the pain she inflicts. This makes them a more immediate threat to patients such as Chief Bromden, but also more at risk. They go through from the same human failings that Nurse Ratched has concealed. Even though Chief Bromden is the narrator of the tale, his descriptions cannot be entirely trusted. He is clearly unreliable, as shown when he hallucinates the Air Raid and the fog machine. The fog symbolizes Bromden’s own mental clarity; it will reappear whenever Chief Bromden turn into less stable and recede every time he becomes more coherent. It is significant that Chief Bromden is silent, for he stands for the more passive elements of society that submit to authority which is Nurse Ratched. In chapter three having illustrates the support staff of the hospital, Chief Bromden turns to the patients who occupy the institution. The majority of the patients are Acutes, meaning that they have the likelihood for rehabilitation and release, but Bromden makes the significant point that they also have the risk of becoming worse for the reason of their stay at the hospital, as established by Ruckly and Ellis. Kesey makes obvious the lines of disagreement between McMurphy and Nurse Ratched. Nurse Ratched signifies rules and order, while McMurphy symbolizes anarchy and disobedience. Yet a more significant characteristic that McMurphy displays is showmanship. In this chapter he grasps for attention, acting like a politician on a campaign stop. This trait will cause McMurphy to be an easy target for those in the institution, mainly Nurse Ratched. Chief Bromden releases the critique of the mental institution in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest to a bigger societal critique. The social criticism of the events in the novel generally entails the idea that the institution is a microcosm for the entire society, but Kesey moreover makes the precise connection between the institution and other societal organizations. The mental institution is intended to repair damage done by schools, churches and families, however operates under the similar conditions as these organizations and hence suffers the same problems. In chapter six Chief Bromden’s suggestion that Nurse Ratched can direct the clocks at the ward show that Chief Bromden is frequently unreliable as a narrator, but nonetheless remains constant with Ratched’s domineering and controlling personality. Harding, the president of the patients’ council and a college graduate, continues to serve as an expository device; it is he who gives details to McMurphy the causes for various events at the institution, such as the music. Kesey establishes another contrast between McMurphy and Nurse Ratched in this chapter. His confrontation with Nurse Pilbow, one of Ratched’s nurses, underscores that Ratched signifies sexuality, as compared to the passionless and reserved Nurse Ratched. In chapter seven, this chapter once again serves to demonstrate that Chief Bromden is an unreliable narrator. Even though several of the details of his observation are true, others are mainly fantasy; Bromden worries that the workers are using the Vegetables for terrible experiments and will do the same to him. On the other hand, Kesey makes it unquestionably clear that Bromden is having a hallucination in this chapter when Mr. Turkle, the night watchman, wakes him. In chapter twelve Kesey demonstrates these chapters in short succession. Two of these include little more than a paragraph. This serves to show the disjointed nature of Chief Bromden’s observations. He presents only short glimpses of events that transpire in the institution, none of which include any great importance. The most significant point that Chief Bromden makes is that the ‘insanity’ as illustrated by the fog is a comfort for the patients. It permits them to recede from the complexities of reality that McMurphy wants them to face. In chapter fifteen Kesey uses Chief Bromden mainly as a narrator who illustrates external conditions, and hardly gives insight into Chief Bromden’s own psychology. On the other hand, in this chapter Kesey gives several indication of the origin of Chief Bromden’s psychological problems. Bromden relates the imaginary ‘fog machine’ of the mental institution to the fog that surrounded him throughout wartime. This point out that Chief Bromden probably suffers from shell-shock caused by his war experience, and it is this shell-shock which driven him to lose his grip on sanity. Kesey in addition gives a similar psychological deconstruction of Billy Bibbit. The beginning of Billy Bibbit’s problems leads to a strict Freudian interpretation. He is the creation of a domineering mother who controls his all action, as well as deciding which woman is suitable for him to marry. That the first word Billy Bibbit stuttered was ‘mama’ is an obvious indication that she is the cause of his problems. His mother’s obvious collaboration with Nurse Ratched is additional evidence that Billy’s mother is the cause of most of his troubles. McMurphy assumes the part of a revolutionary in this chapter. When he rebels against Nurse Ratched by breaking from the recognized schedule to watch the World Series, McMurphy at last abandons the rules and regulations of the ward. This rebellion take place, though, only after it is obvious that McMurphy cannot take part in the apparently democratic system that Nurse Ratched controls. This is a significant point, for it reveals that McMurphy is not a casual anarchist bent on breaking down any system of governance, but rather a man driven to rebellion by an unjust system around him. Even though Nurse Ratched’s claim that the vote is democratic, her vote consists the Chronics, who have no capability to make a rational choice required of voting. This guarantees that Nurse Ratched can keep the status quo, despite the clear support for McMurphy. When McMurphy shatters from his schedule to watch the World Series, he makes an ultimate break from the ‘government’ of Nurse Ratched. It is a revolutionary measure on the level of the institution. The vote for the World Series is a defining moment for Chief Bromden, for it is the first point through which he reasserts himself as a functioning person. He does this in the course of his vote for McMurphy, the first ultimate, responsive action that Chief Bromden takes throughout the novel, and continues this pattern when he unites with McMurphy and the other Acutes in the protest against Nurse Ratched. This underscores a foremost theme of the novel, the importance of rational choice. It is the capability to choose that determines one’s status as a rational human being. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest in a very important sense centers on the conflict between McMurphy, who characterizes this capability for choice, and Nurse Ratched, who does not permit persons to determine decisions for themselves. In chapter sixteen the fog that Chief Bromden declares to see is a symbol of his incoherence and incapacity to assert himself, therefore when Bromden makes the decision to join the other men in dispute of Nurse Ratched, the fog vanish. This decision comes at a cost, on the other hand; by making choices Chief Bromden becomes susceptible, as he realizes. He loses the protection of the fog for the privileges of human choice. Chief Bromden’s choice to present himself once again as deaf and dumb is a strategic move that serves both himself and, for the narrative intentions of the story, Kesey. Bromden uses the perception that he is deaf and dumb as a scheme to deflect harassment by the black boys, but this perception also permits Chief Bromden access to circumstances such as the staff meeting that would usually remain secretive. Kesey grants Bromden access to the staff meeting to gives better insight into both Nurse Ratched and the perceptions of McMurphy. In chapter seventeen Kesey demonstrates the change in Chief Bromden in this chapter, when the character awakes and watches the dog outside the window. This shows that Chief Bromden is now more aware of the outside world. He can conceive of existence outside of the institution, as he could not before. McMurphy is the primary cause of this change. In chapter twenty four Chief Bromden’s stories about his childhood reveal that he, like Harding and Billy Bibbit, undergoes to some degree from a domineering female figure. Like Billy Bibbit, Chief Bromden is frightened by his mother, whom he describes as â€Å"twice as tall† as his father, who was himself a big man. Chief Bromden point out that his mother dominated both him and his father, causal to the problems that both faced. It is from his father that Chief Bromden developed the thought of the Combine. The story that Chief Bromden tells McMurphy supplies a huge deal to a psychological analysis of the character. He appears to be deaf and dumb mainly for the reason that he has been frightened by others around him, whether heartless inspectors or his domineering mother. However Chief Bromden reasserts himself once McMurphy proves him some degree of kindness and respect. Chief Bromden is possibly the best example that Kesey provides of the beneficial effect that McMurphy has on the patients in the institution. Kesey indicates later even when McMurphy discusses the control panel in the tub room. He gives Chief Bromden the thought that he might be able to raise the control panel and throw it all the way through the window, permitting an escape. The one question that remains is what will induce Chief Bromden to carry out this action. In chapter twenty seven Nurse Ratched does achieve a victory over McMurphy in this chapter, but whatsoever victory she has will be short-term. The shock treatment does not radically affect Chief Bromden; he rapidly regains a sense of lucidity subsequently and returns to rationality. More significantly, the nurse who treats McMurphy’s wounds makes the significant point that other nurses are contradicted to Nurse Ratched’s behavior. Even though Nurse Ratched keeps a tight grip on her specific ward, she is susceptible within the very institutional structure she uses against her patients. In chapter Twenty-Nine the final chapter of One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest culminates in a pyrrhic triumph for Nurse Ratched but a final triumph for the martyred McMurphy. The argument between the two characters aligns on sexual lines, as set up by the disagreement between Nurse Ratched and Billy Bibbit that instantaneously precedes it. McMurphy’s attack on Nurse Ratched results an exact exposing of the Big Nurse. Once again the sexual connotations are tough, for when he attacks her he reveals her breasts, the one sign of her femininity. This also relates back to Harding’s previous suggestion that sex is the cure for Nurse Ratched; this chapter demonstrates that, if it is not the cure, it is surely a potent weapon against her. The outcome of this fight, nevertheless, is the final dehumanization of Nurse Ratched. When she proceeds to the ward, she is incapable of speaking and hence has lost a foremost sign of humanity. This neatly parallels Chief Bromden, who in the path of the novel recovers his voice and his humanity. McMurphy apparently loses his battle against Nurse Ratched when she commands a lobotomy for him, but the victory is hollow; she loses power over the ward as the other patients free themselves of her grip and willingly leave the hospital. This moreover fits in well with the Christian symbolism of the novel; even though McMurphy dies for his reason, his disciples leave the hospital to live in accordance to his teachings. They achieve the strength and the liberty to make independent choices that McMurphy proposed. Chief Bromden best exemplifies this. Throughout the course of the novel he has regained his voice, and he makes the ultimate step in the direction of self-realization at the novel’s end. By moving the control panel, Chief Bromden fulfills McMurphy’s desires and reasserts himself as a member of society.

Hummingbirds :: Biology Animals Birds

Hummingbirds are stunning creatures, but their future can be bright only if they have plenty of flowers for food and trees for shelter. Unfortunately, human population grows too fast for the hummingbirds' habitats. Once a person knows more about these charming animals, they will find the forests a richer place to protect. Hummingbirds are the smallest and most brilliantly colored birds. Their aerial maneuvers fascinate all. Hummingbirds are promiscuous animals, and families generally consist of a single mother and two baby chicks. It all starts during mating season, when a male tries to attract a female. He may hover in front of her showing off his gorgeous wings, tail, beak and plumage. If she isn?t interested she just flies away. If he wins her affection, they will sleep together one night. In the morning they?ll fly away in separate directions and probably never meet again. Males obviously take no part in raising the young. Two white pea-sized eggs are generally laid, several days apart. The hummingbird mother works very hard to care for her young. The two chicks are born naked, blind, and smaller than bumblebees, but they grow quickly. By the time they are three to four days old, their eyes open, and the mother continues feeding them. The duration of nesting period is fourteen to thirty-one days depending on the food available and the strengths of the chicks and the mother. When they are ready for fledging, the chicks may be 4.5 grams while their exhausted mother is down to 2.5 grams after the feat of raising her young. After a month or so, the hummingbirds leave their nest and master flying quickly and easily. They are continued to be fed because they end up wasting a lot of time mistaking hats, signs, and other bright objects for flowers. The average life span of a hummer is probably three to five years. The record has been twelve years. There are about three-hundred and twenty different species, and the Bee Hummingbird is the smallest. 8 cm is not only half of the length of my pen, but also the length of the largest hummingbird, the Giant Hummingbird. The beak and tail tend to make up half of their small length. Most hummingbirds have ten tail feathers. These tails come in 2 a variety of shapes, and depending on the way the sunlight hits it, these tail feathers may flash red, gold, purple, or black.

Behaviour Research and Therapy Essay

Abstract Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for Social Phobia is effective in both group and individual formats. However, the impact of group processes on treatment efï ¬ cacy remains relatively unexplored. In this study we examined group cohesion ratings made by individuals at the midpoint and endpoint of CBT groups for social phobia. Symptom measures were also completed at the beginning and end of treatment. We found that cohesion ratings signiï ¬ cantly increased over the course of the group and were associated with improvement over time in social anxiety symptoms, as well as improvement on measures of general anxiety, depression, and functional impairment. In conclusion, ï ¬ ndings are consistent with the idea that changes in group cohesion are related to social anxiety symptom reduction and, therefore, speak to the importance of nonspeciï ¬ c therapeutic factors in treatment outcome. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Social phobia; Social anxiety disorder; Group c ohesion; Cognitive-behavior therapy Introduction Social phobia is characterized by an excessive fear of social or performance situations, during which a person may be scrutinized, judged, embarrassed, or humiliated by others. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for social phobia have primarily come from a cognitive-behavioral orientation and include various combinations of four main components: (1) exposure-based strategies, (2) cognitive therapy, (3) social skills training, and (4) applied relaxation (for reviews, see   administered in either individual and group formats (e.g., Heimberg, Salzman, Holt, & Blendell, 1993; Turner, Beidel, Cooley, Woody, & Messer, 1994). However, the mechanisms of change, and effective ingredients of these treatments remain relatively understudied. Researchers have compared group and individual treatments for this condition, although evidence regarding the relative effectiveness of each approach has been inconsistent (see Scholing & Emmelkamp, 1993; Stangier, Heidenreich, Peitz, Laut erbach, & Clark, 2003; Wlazlo, Schroeder-Hartwig, Hand, Kaiser, & Munchau, 1990 for direct comparisons of individual and group cognitive-behavioral treatment for social  ¨ phobia). However, for some patients, group treatment may offer a number of advantages over individual treatment. For example, group treatment provides an opportunity to marshal group processes (e.g., encouragement, support, and modeling from other group members) that may aid in teaching cognitive strategies and facilitating exposure exercises. Further, there may be nonspeciï ¬ c effects that arise as a result of the relationships that form amongst group members that may contribute to therapeutic outcome. We decided to investigate how these group processes, particularly group cohesion, may be related to treatment outcome in cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) groups for social phobia. Within the group therapy literature, one putative mechanism of change is that of group cohesion (Yalom, 1995). However, the construct of group cohesion has deï ¬ ed ready operational deï ¬ nition, especially with more technique-driven interventions like CBT. For example, a broad deï ¬ nition proposed to explain group cohesion is ‘‘the resultant of all forces acting on all the members to remain in t he group’’ (Cartwright & Zander, 1962, p. 74) or, in simpler terms, how attractive a group is for the members who are in it (Frank, 1957). Yalom (1995) conceptualizes group cohesion as the ‘‘we-ness’’ that is felt amongst the group members. Groups with higher levels of cohesion are presumed to have a higher rate of attendance, participation, and mutual support, and to be likely to defend group standards much more. Further, Yalom (1995) believes that group cohesion is necessary for other group therapeutic factors to operate. Researchers studying this construct have also included concepts such as a sense of bonding, a sense of working towards mutual goals, mutual acceptance, support, identiï ¬ cation, and afï ¬ liation with the group (e.g., Marziali, Munroe-Blum, & McCleary, 1997). Clearly then, cohesion is purported to be a critical ingredient for change and therefore would be expected to predict symptomatic outcomes. Some researchers investigating the relationship between group cohesion and treatment outcome have found positive results. Although some of these studies have investigated other nonspeciï ¬ c therapeutic factors as well (i.e., the therapeutic alliance), the present discussion will focus on ï ¬ ndings related to group cohesion processes. Studies have found that group cohesion is related to pre-treatment levels of symptomatic distress, improved self-esteem and reduced symptomatoloty (e.g., Budman et al., 1989). A recent study by Tschuschke and Dies (1994) found that the level of group cohesion in the second half of a long-term psychoanalytic treatment for inpatients was signiï ¬ cantly correlated with treatment outcome and patients who made therapeutic gains reported a high level of group cohesion that began shortly after the ï ¬ rst few sessions. In contrast, unsuccessful patients did not experience a high level of group cohesion at any time. Overall, these studies suggest that group cohesion may play a role in facilitating therapeutic change, though negative ï ¬ ndings also exist (e.g., Gillasp y, Wright, Campbell, Stokes, & Adinoff, 2002; Lorentzen, Sexton, & Hà ¸glend, 2004; Marziali et al., 1997). In the CBT literature, researchers are increasingly paying attention to nonspeciï ¬ c therapeutic factors contributing to treatment outcome (e.g., Ilardi & Craighead, 1994; Kaufman, Rhode, Seeley, Clarke, & Stice, 2005). One of the ï ¬ rst studies in this area was conducted by Hand, Lamontagne, and Marks (1974) in treatment groups for individuals presenting with agoraphobia. They found that members of the group in which cohesion was speciï ¬ cally fostered demonstrated greater improvement up to 6 months after treatment as compared to members of a less cohesive group who demonstrated a greater likelihood of relapse (see also Teasdale, Walsh, Lancashire, & Matthews, 1977, for a replication of these effects, albeit with weaker results). Other ï ¬ ndings from the CBT treatment literature include greater group cohesion ratings predicting lower physical and psychological abuse at follow-up in abusive men (Taft, Murphy, King, Musser, & DeDeyn, 2003), higher levels of group cohesion being signiï ¬ cantly related to decreased post-treatment systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as improved post-treatment quality of life in cardiac patients (Andel, Erdman, Karsdorp, Appels, & Trijsburg, 2003). In addition, group cohesion ratings have been found to be associated with improvements on depressive symptoms at treatment midpoint, after controlling for initial depression level (Bieling, Perras, & Siotis, 2003). Overall, these studies indicate that group cohesion may play some role in facilitating change or enhancing long-term beneï ¬ ts in CBT-based treatments. Although it is not yet clear what factors are relevant for fostering group cohesion, certain disorders may present more challenges than others. For example, given that social phobia involves an intense fear of scrutiny from other people, these individuals may present with barriers to forming a collaborative alliance, such as poor social skills, extreme sensitivity to evaluations, or social avoidance (Woody & Adessky, 2002). Only one study thus far has examined the development of group cohesion and its relationship to outcome during a group CBT treatment of social phobia. Woody and Adessky (2002) treated individuals for social phobia in a group format using Heimberg’s (1991) protocol for group CBT for social phobia and had clients rate group cohesion using the Group Attitude Scale (GAS; Evans & Jarvis, 1986). The GAS measures the clients’ degree of attraction to the group. Measurements were conducted at three points during treatment (sessions 2, 5, and 9) and indicated that group cohesion remained static over time. They also found that the level of group cohesion clients reported was in no way related to outcome. It was suggested that the constructs and measurement of group process in cognitive-behavioral approaches might need to be further reï ¬ ned in order to more fully understand the degree to which group format and group process variables may add an important element to therapeutic outcome. It is important to note that the measure of group cohesion used by Woody and Adessky (2002) deï ¬ nes the construct unidimensionally. The GAS was designed to measure only attraction to group, deï ¬ ned as ‘‘an individual’s desire to identify with and be an accepted member of the group’’ (Evans & Jarvis, 1986, p. 204). Examples of items include: ‘ ‘I want to remain a member of this group,’’ ‘‘I feel involved in what is happening in my group,’’ and ‘‘In spite of individual differences, a feeling of unity exists in my group.’’ However, as discussed by Burlingame, Fuhriman, and Johnson (2002), elements of group cohesion may include both intrapersonal elements (e.g., group member’s sense of belonging and acceptance) as well as intragroup elements (e.g., attractiveness and compatibility felt among the group members). Therefore, by solely focusing on attraction to the group it is possible that the GAS fails to operationalize aspects of cohesion that are important for making therapeutic gains. The present study, therefore, examined the role of cohesion in group CBT for social phobia, using a measure that includes items that ostensibly assess a number of different constructs thought to be related to group cohesion. The Group Cohesion Scale-Revised (GCS-R), developed by Treadwell, Laverture, Kumar, and Veeraraghavan (2001), taps into several different aspects of group cohesion including: interaction and communication (including domination and subordination), member retention, decision-making, vulnerability among group members and consistency between group and individual goals. This self-report questionnaire has been shown to be both reliable and valid for detecting changes in group cohesiveness during the process of group development (Treadwell et al., 2001). Clients with a principal diagnosis of Social Phobia were treated and, based on the preceding literature, we explored: (1) group cohesion development during the course of the group and (2) the relationship of group cohesion to treatment outcome, broadly deï ¬ ned to include not only social phobia symptoms, but the overall experience of negative affect (e.g., general anxiety and depression) and functional impairment. We hypothesized that group cohesion would increase from the midpoint of treatment to the endpoint of treatment and that group cohesion ratings would be signiï ¬ cantly related to positive treatment outcome (i.e., symptom reduction). Method Participants There were a total of 34 outpatient individuals in this study. The average age of participants was 36 years (range 19–64 years; 19 female, 15 male). All individuals reported symptoms meeting criteria for a principal diagnosis (i.e., the diagnosis causing the most distress or impairment) of Social Phobia, as determined by the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—4th edition (SCID-IV; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2001). One individual also had symptoms meeting criteria for a co-principal primary diagnosis of Dyssomnia Not Otherwise Speciï ¬ ed. For 32 of the participants, the social phobia was generalized (i.e., occurring in most social situations), whereas for the other two participants, it was nongeneralized, occurring in several, but not most social situations. Of the 34 participants, 57% reported symptoms meeting criteria for one or more additional mood disorder (Major Depressive Disorder, 47%; Bipolar Disorder, 6%; Dysthymic Disorder, 3%), 62% had one or more additional anxiety disorder (Speciï ¬ c Phobia, 47%; Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 26%; Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, 21%; Panic Disorder, 12%; Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia, 9%), and 27% had one or more additional other diagnoses (Hypochondriasis, 6%; Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Speciï ¬ ed, 6%; Cannabis Dependence, 6%; Paraphilia Not Otherwise Speciï ¬ ed, 3%; Intermittent Explosive Disorder, 3%; Impulse Control Disorder Not Otherwise Speciï ¬ ed, 3%). The values for the anxiety disorders sum to greater than 100% as several participants had multiple anxiety disorders. Measures Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, 21-item version (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). This short form of the original 42-item DASS is a 21-item self-report measure designed to assess depression, anxiety and stress that an individual has experienced over the past week. Each scale consists of seven items and respondents indicate how much each statement applied to them over the past week on a four-point Likert scale. The Depression scale (DASS-21-D) measures dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, lack of interest/involvement, anhedonia, and inertia. The Anxiety scale (DASS-21-A) measures autonomic arousal, skeletal musculature effects, situational anxiety, and the subjective experience of anxiety affect. The Stress scale (DASS-21-S) measures difï ¬ culty relaxing, nervous arousal, and a tendency to become easily upset/ agitated, irritable/over-reactive, and impatient. Strong internal consistency with a clinical sample has been demonstrated with the DASS-21 (a’s ranging from .87 to .94), and the factor structure is well supported (Antony, Bieling, Cox, Enns, & Swinson, 1998). Construct validity of the three scales has also been demonstrated (see Brown, Chorpita, Korotitsch, & Barlow, 1997). In the current sample, reliability was acceptable at pre-treatment for the Depression (a  ¼ :91), Anxiety (a  ¼ :87), and Stress (a  ¼ :87) scales. Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale (IIRS; Devins, 1994). The IIRS is a 13-item questionnaire that measures the extent to which a disease, its treatment, or both interfere with activities in 13 important domains considered essential to a positive quality of life. These domains include health, diet, work, active recreation (e.g., sports), passive recreation (e.g., reading), ï ¬ nances, relationship with partner, sexual and family relations, other social relations, self-expression/self-improvement, religious expression, and community and civic involvement. For each item, an individual rates the intrusiveness on a scale for 1–7 with higher scores indicating more intrusiveness. The IIRS has been shown to have good psychometric properties in both medically ill populations (Devins et al., 2001) and anxiety disorders groups (Antony, Roth, Swinson, Huta, & Devins; 1998; Bieling, Rowa, Antony, Summerfeldt, & Swinson, 2001). In the current sample, reliability was acceptable at pre-treatment (a  ¼ :87). Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN; Connor et al., 2000). The SPIN is a 17-item questionnaire designed to assess symptoms of social phobia. Each item measures the severity of a particular symptom during the past week, using a ï ¬ ve-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). It consists of three subscales: fear, avoidance, and physiological arousal. The SPIN has been shown to have good empirical support (Antony, Coons, McCabe, Ashbaugh, & Swinson, 2006; Connor et al., 2000) and enables the assessment of a wide range of social anxiety symptoms, making it an ideal measure for generalized social phobia. The total score measure of the SPIN has recently been shown to have excellent internal consistency for the total score for individuals meeting criteria for Social Phobia (with a  ¼ :92) and a combined sample of individuals meeting criteria for Social Phobia (Generalized Type), Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (with a  ¼ :95) (Antony et al., 2006; Connor et al., 2000). It has also been shown to have good test–retest reliability (r  ¼ :86, po:001), convergent and discriminant validity as well as being able to distinguish well between those with Social Phobia as opposed to Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The SPIN has also been shown to be sensitive to changes in the severity of social phobia following cognitive-behavior treatment (Antony et al., 2006). In the current sample, pre-treatment reliability was acceptable (a  ¼ :93). Group Cohesion Scale-Revised (GCS-R; Treadwell et al., 2001). The GCS-R is a 25-item questionnaire designed to assess group cohesion in terms of interaction and communication among group members (including domination and subordination), member retention, decision-making, vulnerability among group members, and consistency between group and individual goals. Each item is rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). Examples of items include: ‘‘Group members usually feel free to share information,’’ ‘‘There are usually feelings of unity and togetherness among the group members,’’ and ‘‘Many members engage in ‘back-biting’ in this group.’’ This scale was recently revised (Treadwell et al., 2001) in order to modify one item, discard another item, and change the wording of the anchor points. In a validation study, internal consistency (as measured by Cronbach’s alpha) ranged from .48 to .89 on pre-test assessment and .77–.90 on post-test assessment (Treadwell et al., 2001). In the current sample, reliability was acceptable at both treatment midpoint (a  ¼ :84) and at treatment endpoint (a  ¼ :79), and the reliability of the change score was .56 (Williams & Zimmerman, 1996). Procedure All individuals completed a 10-session CBT treatment group for social phobia.1 Treatment administered was based on protocols described by Heimberg and Becker (2002) and Antony and Swinson (2000). The key components of therapy included: psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, in-session and between-session exposure exercises, as well as social skills training. Groups were run by two therapists and consisted of ï ¬ ve–eight patients per group. A total of 11 groups were included in the study. It should be noted that initially 76 individuals were enrolled in these 11 groups. However, of these 76 individuals, there were only 67 individuals from whom any measures were received at all (i.e., nine individuals did not return any data). In order to conduct the analyses that will be described below, it was possible to include only 34 of these 67 individuals. This was due to a need to have received both mid- and post-GCS measures as well as pretreatment outcome data. Therefore, the working sample that will be discussed in this study encompasses 34 individuals who completed the treatment as well as these various measures2. Participants completed the GCS questionnaire at the midtreatment session of each group (i.e., session 5) as well as during the last session of each group. Questionnaires assessing symptom severity (i.e., the DASS-21, IIRS a nd SPIN) were completed prior to the beginning of group treatment as well as during the last session of each group. Data analysis Multilevel regression analyses (i.e., generalized mixed modeling) using the software program HLM 6 (Raudenbush, Bryk, Cheong, & Congdon, 2004) were conducted. We used this approach because it allowed us to assess and control for nonindependence of data that might arise from being nested into treatment groups (Hedeker, Gibbons, & Flay, 1994; Herzog et al., 2002). Another advantage of HLM was that it can accommodate unequal group sizes and employs maximum likelihood estimation instead of least squares. Before examining change over time in the outcome variables and GCS, intraclass correlations (ICCs) were estimated to examine the interdependence of data due to nesting (see Herzog et al., 2002). The intraclass correlation depicts how much variance in the outcome variable is due to within-subjects, between-subjects, and between-groups variance. Results For each analysis, items were included from each scale for each individual, unless 20% or more of data were missing. Missing values for a particular scale item were replaced by calculating the mean value for that scale item and using this mean value in place of the missing value. Outcome measures A series of three-level regression models were evaluated to examine change over time in the outcome variables. Level 1 consisted of repeated measures (i.e., two assessment occasions) that were nested within 1 Two groups completed 12-session CBT treatment groups and one group completed a 9-session treatment group. The use of a multilevel regression approach (i.e., HLM) allowed us to examine whether or not number of sessions per group affected any of the relationships reported. Results indicated that number of sessions did not moderate any of the results reported in the paper. 2 These treatment groups were not conducted as part of a formal treatment outcome study, which accounts for the number of patients who failed to return their post-treatment questionnaires. Therefore, the individuals who completed both pre-treatment and post-treatment measures provide a naturalistic and ecologically valid cross section of moderate to severe social phobia patients typically seen in an acute outpatient clinic, presenting with anxiety disorders and related problems.